A Research Project On Colon Cancer - 1470 Words

Research Project Outcome Colon cancer claims the lives of 12 Australians each day and is the second largest cancer killer (1). Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer in the Australian population after the age of 50. It is essential that Australian men and women are aware of the aggressiveness and severity of the disease (2) and the primary preventative methods. The Indigenous Australian population, in comparison to the non-indigenous population, have a higher prevalence of the disease and experience higher mortality rates (3). Due to the lack of medical resources and awareness, men and women living in rural areas have an increased risk of developing colon cancer (4). For these reasons, I have decided to conduct an investigation on the significance, the primary preventative methods and the impact they can have on the health and awareness of the Australian population. I conducted my initial research by investigating the internet and books, both of which encompassed the anatomy of the stomach and allowed me to gather a greater understanding of Colon Cancer. Bowel cancer is a malignant growth that develops most commonly in the lining of the large bowel. The vast majority of bowel cancers develop from growths called polyps . Not all polyps become cancerous. The larger that a polyp grows, the more likely it is to become malignant (cancerous). Polyps can be easily re moved without surgery by a procedure called a colonoscopy (inspection of the bowel with aShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Oncology Care Program Essay example1220 Words   |  5 PagesAnnual Report of the Oncology Care Program Course Project HIT 225 April 17, 2011 ? Introduction to Oncology Care Program Cancer is a group of diseases that affect nearly every tissue or organ in the human body, and is the second leading cause of death in the United States. In 2007, lung cancer was the leading cause of death among males and females in Marin County, California (Marin Health Human Services, 2007). Located in Marin County, Sunshine Hospital is a 235-bed teaching facilityRead MoreThe Benefits Of Oleuropein, A Diet Rich On The Compound1576 Words   |  7 Pagespeanuts. In plants resveratrol works by protecting against bacterial and fungal attacks (Naylor-Dirks, 2009). The compound is associated with numerous health benefits in animals and humans including defense against cardiovascular disease, many types of cancers, diabetes, and improves life span. It is believed that the resveratrol in red wine helps explain the â€Å"French Paradox†- the rates of cardiovascular disease in France are pretty low considering the diet that is usually high in fat (Tennen, 2012). ScientistsRead More Childhood Obesity : A Global Epidemic1474 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom 6% in 1973 to 31% in 2009 (3). In children, obesity is defined as a child’s height and weight being at or over the 95th percentile (1). Childhood obesity can lead to a large amount of adverse consequences, including: low self-esteem, asthma, cancer, premature mortality, and type 2 diabetes (3). Once thought to be a disease that only affected adults who were overweight or obese a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes has become increasingly common in school-age children (3). In the past, school-age childrenRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1303 Words   |  6 Pages Cancer, also known as malignant neoplasm, the hallmark characteristic involves uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Under normal conditions cell grow, divide and die, but in cancer cells the defect takes place at the gene level leading to the formation of an abnormal DNA. As genes are the basic control machines of the cell, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. Moreover, in normal cells damage of any kind is taken care by the repair system but in cancer cellsRead MoreFamily Psychology : Are A Proper Tool Be Used947 Words   |  4 Pagesdown to every generation is cancer the main one in particular is colon cancer. My father-developed cancer before I was born and went into remission and as a child the cancer came back. He went back into remission and the cancer made it was back once again and my father died from it at the age of 53. At the same time this was going my brother started to have issues and that ran test and found out he had the pre-cancer polyps and the doctors have to remove half of his colon for prevention measures. ThisRead MoreThe First Case Of Hiv ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus )1508 Words   |  7 Pageslife expectancy of people who live with HIV/AIDS. Cancer effects millions of people around the world, it is said that 1 in 2 of people in the UK will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lifetime. The rate of people living with cancer is increasing at around 3% a year, but the number of people alive after 5 years since being diagnosed is expected to double between 2010 to 2030. This is down to the huge amount of work done for cancer research and the advances made in therapy and treatmentRead MoreThe Purpose of a Cancer Registry1149 Words   |  5 Pagesis the purpose of a cancer registry? What does a Cancer Registrar do? In this paper I will highlight the aspects of what a cancer registry is, what it entails and what a cancer registrar’s workflow consists of. I had the opportunity to complete my field study at AMG Long Term Acute Care Hospital which is located on the 8th floor in the North tower of IU Ball Memorial Hospital. While at AMG I had the chance to see firsthand how both AMG and IU Ball Memorial handle th eir cancer registry and learn whatRead More Human Genome Project Essay3161 Words   |  13 PagesHuman Genome Project Essay The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort that has the goal of analyzing the sequence of human DNA and determining the location of all human genes. Begun in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome project was originally planned to last 15 years but now is projected to be complete in 13 years. This project was started to find the 80,000 - 100,000 human genes and to determine the sequence of the 3 - billion chemical bases that make up human DNA. The information generatedRead MoreThe Human Genome Project?1023 Words   |  5 Pages The Human Genome Project Today we are learning the language in which God created life . . . humankind is on the verge of gaining immense new power to heal. Genome science will have a real impact on all our lives, and even more on the lives of our children. It will revolutionise the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases. - Bill Clinton, June 2002. The Human Genome Project came into existence in the late 1980 s as scientistRead MoreEssay On 20 Years Of Advancement In Healthcare Science1109 Words   |  5 Pagestreatments lowering the prevalence of diseases. The first significant advancement discussed in this essay is The Human Genome Project (HGP), an international collaborative research program whose goal was to sequence and map all of the genes (known as the genome) contained within humans. This project has revolutionised the biomedical field and has already inspired further projects. Several techniques were used to achieve this including: †¢ DNA sequencing, used to determine the order of the nucleotide

Wilfred Owen - “Anthem for Doomed Youth, Dulce Et Decorum...

Wilfred Owen’s poetry has expressed his outrage of war and the sheer pity of the pointless sacrifices of young soldiers made in battle. The patriotic view of war and religion are questioned repeatedly in his poems. He also ponders the purpose for the existence of the human race. Techniques such as juxtaposition, similes and metaphors are also employed into the poems of â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth, Dulce et Decorum et Est and Futility† to create the atmosphere needed for each poem. This atmosphere creates various emotions especially to emphasize the horrific outcomes of war. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† is a dramatic and descriptive poem, detailing the event in the perspective of Owen’s experiences. The patriotic view that fighting for one’s†¦show more content†¦The idea of hope is first portrayed with the comrade’s faith that his friend can be revived if he is moved into the sun. The attempt in reviving the dead soldier is soon realized to be hopeless and that his body is a â€Å"cold star† and not even the gentle touches of the sun could awake him. Owen juxtaposes the warm fields back home with the harsh battlefields of France. The purpose of this was to demonstrate that the sun had awoken his friend before from his sleep but was unable to awaken him from this sleep. He questions his comrades death and asks several rhetorical questions, one of which said â€Å"was it for this the clay grew tall?† This question conveys a powerful meaning, and Owen’s curiosity of the existence of humans. He points out the pointlessness of war and symbolically shows this by describing a young man as â€Å"the clays of a cold star†. â€Å"Anthem for doomed Youth† is another poem written by Wilfred Owen, describing the horrors of war and the aftermath it causes on the soldier’s most loved ones. This is the issue that is represented of war in this poem. The word doomed in the title, highlights the fact that the soldier’s fate was to perish on the battlefield. Owen describes the pointlessness of war as the young men â€Å"die as cattle†. The first stanza uses a large amount of descriptive language and techniques highlighting the action on the frontline. â€Å"Rifles rapid rattle† is alliteration that is used toShow MoreRelatedFutility, Anthem For Doomed Youth, Dulce et decorum est and Mental cases by Wilfred Owens944 Words   |  4 PagesFutility, Anthem For Doomed Youth, Dulce et decorum est and Mental cases by Wilfred Owens â€Å"Above all I am not concerned with Poetry. My subject is War, and the pity of War. The poetry is in the pity†¦ All a poet can do today is warn. That is why true Poets must be truthful.† - Wilfred Owen, quoted in Voices In wartime, The Movie Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 and killed in 1918. At Twenty-Five years of age, he was the greatest poet of the First World War. He wrote many Read MoreA comparison of poems by Wilfred Owen â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† Wilfred800 Words   |  4 Pagescomparison of poems by Wilfred Owen â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† Wilfred Owen fought in the ww1. He enrolled into army at an early age which was probably influenced by the government’s enticing and false advertising. However in the trenches Owen soon discovered the reality of war and how horrific the war was. At first he started to take notes about the conditions. Then later in a military hospital he edited and turned these notes into poetry. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† is a Latin sayingRead MoreWilfred Life Of Wilfred Owen914 Words   |  4 PagesWilfred Owen Poetry Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was an English poet and soldier, whose renowned compositions were distinguished in their delivery of a tenacious condemnation of the First World War. Born, 18 March 1893 in Oswestry, Shropshire, Owen commenced his poetic endeavours through his adolescence, and after having completed his schooling, soon became a teaching assistant and aspired for vocational pursuits. However, these were soon disparaged with the eminence of the Fist World War, and inRead More Poetic Techniques of Wilfred Owen Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesWilfred Owen can be considered as one of the finest war poets of all times. His war poems, a collection of works composed between January 1917, when he was first sent to the Western Front, and November 1918, when he was killed in action, use a variety of poetic techniques to allow the reader to empathise with his world, situation, emotions and thoughts. The sonnet form, para-rhymes, ironic titles, voice, and various imagery used by Owen gr asp the prominent central idea of the complete futility ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Anthem For Doomed Youth And Dulce Et Decorum Est1224 Words   |  5 Pagesa time afterwards. Wilfred Owen was a poet who became well renowned after World War I where he unfortunately died in battle. Anthem for Doomed Youth (Anthem) and Dulce Et Decorum Est (Dulce) by Wilfred Owen both portray various themes including horrors of war, the futility of war and the pity and sadness of war. War is full of horrendous acts that every side of war commits, even if it is for their own reasons which to them seem honourable, but Owen tells a different story. Dulce depicts the many terrorsRead MoreCulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem of the Doomed814 Words   |  3 PagesPoetry throughout the ages has influenced change in society and given voice to controversial topics. Wilfred Owen influenced his nation and became a powerful and significant agent of change through his literature as he demonstrated throughout his poetry how war is not something to be glorified yet is a horrific injustice suffered by many. By analysing Dulce Et Decorum Est and Anthem Of The Doomed it can be said that Owen’s significant message is to confront the idea of glorifying war and the patrioticRead MoreHow Wilfred Owen Uses Language and Imagery in His Poetry to Communicate his Attitudes of War627 Words   |  3 PagesHow Wilfred Owen Uses Language and Imagery in His Poetry to Communicate his Attitude s of War Wilfred Owen was concerned to emphasise the hardships and trials of the soldiers who fought in the First World War. Wilfred Owen, who died subsequently after receiving mortal wounds while in combat in the war, had some strong viewpoints and messages about war which he tried to convey through his poetry. He had three main viewpoints which included most or all of his feelings. TheseRead MoreWilfred Owen Poetry799 Words   |  3 PagesPoetry is a form of writing that can be used to convey very strong emotions and ideas to the reader, this can be seen in the works of famous poet Wilfred Owen, Owen is the most well-known English trench warfare poet who fought in World War I. His military career began in 1915, when he enlisted himself in the Artists Rifle group and soon became a second lieutenant, like many young men he was ready to fight and die for his country. In 1917 he was wounded in battle and was diagnosed with shell shock;Read MoreEssay on How do the later war poets differ in their treatment of war970 Words   |  4 PagesI, the poems that were produced had a very patriotic and glorious view to them. As the war progressed, the poems became more bitter as the true extent of what was really going on, was unveiled. Some of the poets we will be looking at include Wilfred Owen and Laurence Binyon. For early war poetry, we have studied four poems. These are: The Soldier, Rendezvous, For the Fallen, and Fall-In. The poets who wrote these poems are: Laurence Binyon, Rupert Brooke, Alan Seeger and Harold BegbieRead MoreWilfred Owen Techniques1135 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owens war poetry Good morning/afternoon teacher and peers, Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Oswestry (United Kingdom). He wanted to be a poet from the age of nineteen although most of his famous work is that which he wrote in his years spent in the war where he died in 1918. The preface to Owens poetry read: â€Å"This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominion

Government and Monopolies-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Explain how and why Governments may want to regulate the Price setting of a natural Monopoly. Answer: Introduction Monopoly market structure operates as the sole supplier in the market(Arnold, 2015). They enjoy a large number of customers raising their product demand. They operate in a closed market, which other sellers are not able to enter the market and as a result, there is no competition in the market. The best way to analyse the market is to identify the market strengths and ability to influence supply and demand in the market. The government has a role of controlling monopoly prices. This is because market forces such as competition do not affect them(Behravesh, 2014). Therefore, the government response in controlling monopolies is important by setting policies for monopolies. Customers are citizens who require the government protection and thus require protection from monopoly exploitation. From an economics perspective, the issue of monopoly goes hand in hand with the issue of pricing of products. Monopolies make prices for their products and thus the customers lack the freedom of negotiating prices(Burda, July 25, 2017). Additionally, there is the issue of influencing product demand and supply of products. They are the sole producers and thus through their production decisions determine how much of a product they will take to the market. Therefore monopolies unless controlled by the government, they are capable of exploiting their customers. Diagram illustrating how monopolies increase prices for commodities Explanation Point E represents the market equilibrium point before introduction of a price controlling measure such as taxes. The firm out is represented by OX while the price is OP.the firm earns profit represented by AB. However when the government introduces taxes, the average cost (AC) increases to AC1. The introduction of taxes raises the cost of production for monopoly firms. Consequently, the firm raises product prices in the market to recover added costs. The result is that the government should intervene to ensure maintenance of prices at equilibrium point(Flynn, 2011). Monopoly market This are markets formed by a sole supplier of a particular commodity. The commodities dealt with have characteristics that make them difficult for other sellers to enter the market. The characteristics are such as private ownership of rights to sell the products. Other monopolies formed by government policies, which allow to sole product sellers. These products are such as weapons and other items concerned with national security. Barriers of entry to market also creates monopolies. This includes such as high legal fees to enter a market, which other sellers cannot afford. Monopolies are thus a result of inability of other sellers lacking the power or resources to enter a market(Flynn, 2011). Furthermore, monopolies lack competition in their markets(Jones, 2017). Their market due to the barriers to entry for other sellers lack competition. Competition resulting from other sellers dealing with similar goods lacks in the monopoly structure. Lack of competition causes monopolies to operate freely as there are no peers to compare operations or to take advantage of their market failures. This is a great advantage for monopolies due to the ability of doing what they want in the market without competition. In addition to that, monopolies are price makers. This means that they have the freedom of taking products to the market at the prices they deem profitable(Lee Coppock, 2017). This separates them from other markets such as perfect competition, which are price takers. This refers to pricing of products based on the prices that the customers want to buy. Monopolies enjoy the freedom of setting any price for their products, which they feel, will cover fully for their variable costs and earn profit from sales. There is however, a tendency of monopolies setting very high prices to make exaggerated profits from sales. This act oppresses customers, as they have to pay too much for a product, which is usually more than the products utility. Monopolies require legislators to come up with policies that control the prices to stop high pricing. They are also able to practice price discrimination for their products. This is the sale of their products at different prices depending on the customers in a market or market trends. They sell large quantities of products at low costs in elastic markets and sell at high prices in inelastic markets. This they are able to do because of the free operation in the market. Monopolies enjoy large economies of scale in the market unlike other markets such as perfect competition (Miller, 2017). This is the reduction in unit costs with increase in volume of production. This makes it difficult for competitors to enter the market due to high initial fixed costs and low unit costs. Competitors mostly are unable to raise the high initial fixed costs to enter the market. This is a benefit to a monopoly because they remain as the sole sellers in a market. There is also the ability of the monopoly to sell at very low prices compared to prices charged by entering new monopolies. These low pricing results to the new sellers not selling their products in the market as they charge high prices. The result is that they get out of the market leaving the monopoly as the sole seller in the market. They are able to price less because of the reduced unit costs for products with increase in quantity. Monopolies enjoy this advantage which enables them operate as going concern s for many years and earn super profits from their activities Explanation The firm maximises profits at the point where MR=MC and the equilibrium point where Pm intersects Om. The market demand curve is similar to the firm demand curve. The firm makes super profits because AR is greater than AC(Behravesh, 2014). Why governments regulate prices for a natural monopoly The government as the policy maker has a duty of regulating the prices of monopolies(Mankiw, 2017). Monopolies operate in an environment, which lacks the normal market forces to regulate activities. The forces of demand and supply regulate other markets operations but does not apply in monopolies. Demand for products in the market regulates how much of a product the sellers will bring to the market. When demand is high, then the sellers bring high quantities to the market to satisfy demand. On the other hand, when the demand is low, they supply less of the product to match low demand levels. This forces do not affect a monopoly because they have the freedom to choose how much of a product to sell in the market. They could choose to supply less products to the market when the demand is high. This results to the increase in the price for their products. The government thus has a role of setting prices for monopolies to prevent this activity. When the government sets the prices, monopol ies desist from supplying low when demand is high to collect high revenues through high prices. Furthermore, the government regulates prices to prevent barrier of entry to market caused by monopoly price strategies(Margaret Ray, 2015). Monopolies due to reduced unit costs have the ability to charge very low prices for their products. This is causes difficulty to sellers wanting to enter a monopoly market as they lack ability to charge low prices. New entrants incur very high start-up fixed costs, which results to them charging high for their products. The prices are higher than what existing monopolies charge with their low unit production costs. Customers therefore buy more products from the existing monopolies and not from the new monopolies. The new monopolies lack sales to raise revenues to cover their costs ending up with huge losses. They thus result to shutting down operations. The government should protect such harmful activities by regulating monopoly prices. When a maximum price is set, all monopolies new and existing get a uniform forum for pricing their products. Th ey are able to sell in the market without harmful competition from the existing monopoly. They thus make sales revenues, which cover costs and prevent losses and as a result, they do not get out of market. Price regulation is very important in the growth of economies markets by protecting infant companies from unethical pricing strategies in competition. Moreover, the government can regulate prices due to having ownership in the monopolies(McConnell, 2014). The government owns monopolies through buying more than half of the shares or sale of products. The government owned monopolies deal with products that are important to the citizens of the nation. Products such as postal services and utilities like water and electricity supply is by the government monopolies. The reason for government to supply these utilities is due to their high costs of operations and the need to protect citizens from oppression. Some utilities like water require equity in supply and thus the government takes part in the supply to ensure all citizens access water service. The government being the owner of these monopolies regulates the prices of commodities dealt with. Prices control ensures that all citizens afford the prices for utilities. When charged highly, the citizens find it unfair because not all are able to afford the products. These results to unfair ness in the distribution of utilities and thus the government should regulate the prices for these monopolies. In addition to that, the government regulates prices for monopolies to ensure that products are affordable to all citizens(Tyler Cowen, 2014). The government has a role of ensuring that citizens do not pay exaggerated prices for products. When products sell for high prices, the opportunity cost for citizens increases and they end up buying less commodities in the market. The government reduces prices for monopolies products to reduce opportunity cost for citizens and ensure that they do not spend a lot of income buying products. The government also regulates prices to prevent monopolies from earning exaggerated profits. Prices set by the government ensure that they do not make unnecessary profits from sales revenues, which is unethical. How government regulates natural monopoly prices The government to ensure that the prices for natural monopolies is controlled, various steps are used. The steps are used each according to the need price problem that the government wants to regulate. Economic planners develop price regulatory steps. They try to come up with a solution that benefits the market at large. Their main aim however is to ensure that monopolies do not exploit customers with high prices. The policies set usually aim at reducing the ability of monopolies to earn exaggerated incomes. Steps such as setting price ceiling regulate monopoly prices(O'Sullivan, 2005). This refers to the government setting a maximum price for a product in the market. The law states that the product does not sell at a higher price than this maximum limit. This enables the customers to buy a product at affordable price, which is usually at the set maximum price or less. This limit is important as it ensures that the monopolies do not exploit their customers. The price limit is usually set at a point where the monopoly covers its costs from the price and earn reasonable profits. Furthermore, the government can control prices through giving subsidies to the monopoly(Paul Krugman, 2015). Subsidies are grants to a company from the government to reduce the expenses they incur. The company as a result charges lower prices for their good compared to when the government did not grant subsidies. This is because the company does not need to charge very high prices to recover costs from sales. The result is that the company is able to sell products at affordable prices to their customers. Moreover there is the policy of average cost pricing. This is putting a price limit that matches general costs incurred by a producing company(Sowell, 2014). The price set usually is not far from the unit costs incurred producing each product. This price is set after a bargain between the government and the monopoly to come up with an appropriate average price. The price is set at a point where unit production costs are recovered and reasonable profits made. Average prices ensure fairness to customers and the monopoly in terms of profit making and cost realisation. In addition to that, the government can use the tax system to regulate prices. The government uses high taxes for monopolies charging high prices and low taxes for those with low prices(Tucker, 2016). This is like an incentive to the monopolies to charge low prices for their products. This policy is very beneficial because most monopolies with the aim of paying less tax, they charge low prices for their products. This policy benefits the consumers as they pay for products at prices that justify their utility. The company does not make exaggerated profits from exploiting customers with high prices. The government should ensure adherence to all policies by monopolies without failure. Conclusion Natural monopolies have the ability of exploiting their customers through prices. They are able to charge very high prices for their products without reducing sales due to competitors charging less. The government thus has a responsibility of protecting the consumers because market forces are not present to protect the customers. Monopolies too should be ethical in their activities to ensure that they consider the purchasing ability of customers when setting prices. Government policies for regulating monopoly prices should be considerate to ensure that the monopoly do not suffer losses trying to adhere to government policies(Williamson, 2013) References Arnold, R. A. (2015). Macroeconomics (12th ed.). South Western College. Behravesh, N. (2014). Economics USA 8th edition. W.W.Norton and Company. Burda, M. (July 25, 2017). Macroeconomics (7th ed.). Oxford University Press. Flynn, S. M. (2011). Economics For Dummies (2nd ed.). For Dummies. Jones, C. I. (2017). Macroeconomics (4th ed.). W.W. Norton Company. Lee, D. M. (2017). Principles of Macroeconomics (2nd ed.). W.W.Norton Company. Mankiw, G. (2017). Principles of Economics (8th ed.). South Western College Pub. Margaret, D. A. (2015). Macroeconomics for AP (2nd ed.). Worth Publishers. McConnell, C. R. (2014). Economics: Principles,Problems Policies. McGraw-HIll Education. MIller, R. L. (2017). Economics Today (19 ed.). Pearson. O'Sullivan, A. (2005). Economics:Principles in Action. Prentice Hall. Paul, R. W. (2015). Economics (4 ed.). Worth Publishers. Sowell, T. (2014). Basic Economics (5 ed.). Basic Books. Tucker, I. B. (2016). Macroeconomics for Today (9th ed.). South Western College. Tyler, A. T. (2014). Modern Principles:Macroeconomics (3rd ed.). Worth Publisher. Williamson, S. D. (2013). Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Pearson

Ukrainian Folklore Essays - Ukrainian Studies, Ukrainian Dance

Ukrainian Folklore Purposes of Ukrainian-American Folklore The relatively large Ukrainian community in the United States has many traditions and customs, most of which stem from a feeling of Ukrainian nationalism. As Ukraine was being overtaken by Russia, Ukrainians were immigrating by the thousands to the US. Ukrainians moving to the new world were leaving behind a disappearing culture and moving to a completely different land. Immigrants were proud of their heritage, and many of the traditions that were started in America exist to preserve this heritage and to pass it on to future generations. The Ukrainian Boy Scouting program is one such tradition. Ukrainians in America started this program in the early 1900's to train their young to return to Ukraine and drive the Russians out. This began as resistance to Russian rule over Ukraine. All boys and girls participate in this intermittently throughout the year, starting at age seven and continuing for life. Ukrainian Boy Scouts is very different from the typical American view of Boy Scouts, in that it involves a more rigorous wilderness-training program. This is because the program was essentially started as a military training program, and although it exists now only for fun and tradition, many of the subjects and ideas taught to the youths remain the same. People who are involved in the program put their children through it, as an attempt to preserve Ukrainian culture. When Ukrainians turn eighteen they become counselors, and at age thirty-five they become seniors and run the program. This program, along with a handful of similar programs, was started for various reasons. To begin with, Ukrainian youths had trouble adjusting to American society. They (Ukrainian youth programs) are helping to solve some of the social problems of the ?second generation' that does not seem to be able to find its way into American society or does not feel at home there. Ukrainian youths were out of place in America with no sense of identity, and these programs made the adjustment less difficult. These programs also serve to maintain youth interest in Ukrainian heritage. The adults are perplexed at the indifference of the American-born youth to such worthy institutions (Ukrainian-American organizations). The youth programs involve American-born Ukrainians at a young age, insuring that they will grow up to preserve Ukrainian heritage and culture. A third reason for these programs is that, at the time of their creation, the Ukrainian community in America was divided into two groups. One of them represented independent Ukrainian nationalism and the other, being stimulated by funds from Russia, was pro-Russian. The nationalist group was responsible for these programs. In addition to the other functions, they started these programs to compete with the pro-Russian faction and ensure the survival of Ukrainian culture. These programs exist today to ensure the future of Ukrainian culture, essentially serving the same function it always has. The Red Flower is a traditional Ukrainian song. It also comes from Ukraine's history with Russia, and although it is sung in Ukrainian, The chorus goes as follows in English: Down in the valley A flower wilted And our sacred country Went to ruins The flower in the song is a metaphor for Ukraine, and when Russia took control of Ukraine, the flower wilted. This is a somber song, which is sung at serious gatherings such as funerals or church. It is also sung often during the Boy Scouts training, to teach the young to sing it. Clearly this song serves as a source of nationalism, because the words remind those who hear it of Ukraine's sad past. The song also reminds Ukrainians of why it is important to preserve their culture, to restore Ukraine to glory. The Hopak is a traditional Ukrainian dance, which is performed frequently by Ukrainians in America. Outsiders often refer it to as the Russian Dance, but it is actually a Ukrainian dance. The dancer is a man wearing leather boots, loose fitting red silk pants, and a white shirt with colored embroidering down the middle. His hair is shaved to the scalp except for a small circle on the top of his head, where the hair is about half a foot long. He squats down low, and kicks his feet out with his body upright and his arms folded.